Gender Pay Gap in Sports: How Big Is It & What Can Be Done?
In 2019, 56 years after the passage of the Equal Pay Act, USWNT fans erupted into chants of “Equal pay!” amid the team’s historic world cup victory.
As shouts of “USA” blended with the words “Equal pay,” the irony of American women still fighting against female athlete discrimination must have been deafening.
Let’s dive into the gender pay gap in sports to explore what’s changed over the years, the current extent of the issue, and what we can do about it.
Male vs. Female Athlete Salary Comparison: How Big Is the Gap?
Everyone’s heard about this topic at some point. But how big is the pay gap, really?
We’ve come a long way since 1979 when women made on average 62 cents on the dollar. But since 2004, the gender pay gap hasn’t closed much, still hovering around 80–83 cents on the average man’s dollar.
When you break it down by industry, the legal industry has women making 64% as much as men on average, while women in arts, entertainment, and sports average a more promising 94% of men’s pay.
As of 2017, 83% of sports now offer equal prize money to men and women. However, when you look closely at the complexities of this industry such as sponsorships and the discrepancy in the remaining 17% of sports, the wage gap in sports remains significant. When considering how many other industries are addressing the pay gap, sports still has a long way to go.
Gender Pay Gap in Soccer
In 2014, the U.S. men’s soccer team made $8 million total when they lost during the first round of the World Cup, while the U.S. women’s team only made $2 million for winning the World Cup in 2015.
The average pay in MLS men’s soccer was still more than eleven times the average NWSL female player’s pay in 2019.
But as of 2020, new National Women’s Soccer league compensation guidelines went into effect. This change improves the salary cap by over 19%, bringing the maximum 2020 salary to $50,000 and the minimum salary to $20,000. Allocation money and player contracts also improved. However, these numbers are still far behind the average male soccer player salary in the MLS.
Currently, the male and female average annual salaries differ by 25% in international soccer and 2,000% in club soccer.
Gender Pay Gap in Basketball
For the 2015 season, the base NBA salary started at $525,093 and maxed out at over $16 million. Meanwhile, the base salary for WNBA players ranged from $38,913 to $109,500.
The 2019 pay gap in basketball was daunting, considering the average salary for an NBA player was more than a hundred times the average earnings in the WNBA. Additionally, the women in the WNBA made roughly 23% of their league’s revenue, while NBA players earned an estimated 50% of the league’s total revenue.
The players’ union recently made a landmark agreement with the WNBA to triple the maximum salary to $500,000 with better marketing, benefits, and accommodations.
However, NBA players still make 100 times more than WNBA players in terms of average yearly salary.
Gender Pay Gap in Tennis
In 2019, the average of the world top 100 men’s pay was about 18% higher than the average of tennis’s top 100 women. Internationally, men come out on top in earnings, but in the US, Tennis is one of the few sports where the women on average take home more than the men. In 2019, the number one women’s tennis player in the U.S., Sofia Kenin, made $3,012,043, while the number one U.S. men’s tennis player, John Isner, made $411,414.
That’s a distinct improvement since 2010, when the top 100 men’s average pay in tennis was 48% higher than the average pay of the top 100 women tennis players. Plus, the ATP and WTA recently agreed to work together to try to push tour events to allocate a larger portion of tournament revenue to prize money in order to increase the number of players earning a good living.
All 4 Grand Slam events have paid players the same amount of prize money regardless of gender since 2007. However, there are fewer 1,000 point events — nine Masters tournaments for men compared to five Premier 5 events for women — which means fewer opportunities for women to earn the big prize money that comes with 1,000 point events.
Currently, the difference in average pay for men and women in U.S. tennis is about 10% between the ATP and WTA.
Gender Pay Gap in Golf
In 2015, golf had one of the largest gender pay gaps in sports, globally. In 2016, the top 100 male golfers won a total of $242 million in prize money, while the top 100 women won $49 million in prizes.
The average salary for men’s golf in 2019 was still 25 times that of women’s golf. Fortunately, LPGA Commissioner Mollie Marcoux Samaan committed last year to rectify the gap between the LPGA and PGA, which still sits at the same level.
Gender Pay Gap in Sports: What's the Trend?
Let’s take a look at the women’s pay gap in sports, considering the timeline from the 1970s through today:
- 1970: Gender equality in tennis got a head start in the ‘70s, largely thanks to Billie Jean King leading other female players in boycotts and taking part in revolutionary women-only series for the sake of equal prize money. It started when King won $600 with the women’s U.S. Open title, while the men’s title paid out $3,500 (5.8 times more).
- 1978–the 1990s: The difference in prize money at the Australian Open was still almost 5.6 times more for men than women. Women’s pay in tennis inched up throughout the ‘80s until WTA officials spoke up again in the mid-’90s for equal pay.
- 2001: The Australian Open agreed to pay men and women equally.
- 2006: The French Open followed suit.
- 2007: Wimbledon offered equal prize money to both sexes in 2007 after Venus Williams led the fight.
- The 2010s: The basketball pay gap narrowed to 172% before increasing to 182% by the end of the decade.
2010’s highest-paid male athlete, Tiger Woods, made 124% more than Maria Sharapova, the highest-paid female athlete. By 2019, things were roughly the same, with Lionel Messi earning 125% more than Serena Williams.
- 2014: Overall, the numbers reflected a gender gap in prize money for 30% of sports.
- 2015: Despite finishing in first place compared to 30th, U.S. women’s soccer players won 60% less than the U.S. men’s team, sparking outrage.
- 2016: As per the 2016 Gender Balance in Global Sport Report, average income for the top 100 NBA players sat at $12.7 million, while women in the WNBA made between $105,000 and $913,000.
At the same time, Grand Slams paid the same prize money to men and women but the most successful men in tennis still overshadowed female players due to endorsements and sponsorships.
- 2017: The women’s national hockey team achieved a deal for better training stipends and bonuses by threatening to boycott the world championships.
- 2018: The WNBA capped player base pay at $117,000, and the lowest starting salary was less than one-tenth of the minimum salary for NBA rookies.
- 2019: The USWNT won a second consecutive World Cup, accumulating more of a following, higher ratings, and higher revenue for U.S. Soccer, but earned considerably less than their male counterparts according to their contract. The terms made it so a female player who won 20 national team matches would only earn 38% of what a man would to do the same.
- 2020: A judge threw the USWNT equal pay lawsuit out of court.
Here’s the current breakdown of pay discrepancies for women in sports, as of 2022:
|
SPORT |
MEN (Average yearly salary) |
WOMEN (Average yearly salary) |
|
Tennis (ATP/WTA) |
$88,000 |
$80,000 |
|
Football (International) |
$100,000 |
$75,000 |
|
Basketball (NBA & WNBA) |
$8.3 million |
$75,181 |
|
Golf (PGA & LPGA) |
$1.2 million |
$48,993 |
Similar to women’s pay in all industries, women athletes’ pay has vastly improved since the ‘70s. But still, the score is far from settled.
Sports with the Widest Pay Gap
We discussed the severe divide in basketball, soccer, and golf. But hockey also has miles to go, alongside basketball, cricket, golf, and football in narrowing the widest pay gaps in sports.
Factors that Affect Gender Pay Gap in Sports
The Equal Pay Act mandates identical compensation for identical work under the same employer, conditions, and responsibilities, but it’s hard to determine how that applies to sports when so many more factors are at play compared to most industries.
Athletic organization governing bodies have a lot of control over athlete pay. Governing bodies can also rework how much they invest in media coverage and TV contracts, which massively influence attendance, ratings, and ultimately revenue.
Corporate sponsorships are another major variable that widens the gap. Sponsorships are related to female athletes’ visibility and fandom, which hinges on organizations’ marketing and promotional investments.
How to Close the Gap
If governing bodies gave women the same base salary, hype, media coverage, attendance, and ratings as men in sports, doors would open to more abundant and lucrative corporate sponsorships for more female athletes that would help balance the scales.
Do you have an idea to help close the women's pay gap in sports?
How do you think the Equal Pay Act applies to the sports industry? How can we push for equality in corporate sponsorships, TV contracts, or media coverage? Share your thoughts with us on Instagram @goalfive!
We believe that reversing gender pay inequality in sports would benefit all and create more life-affirming athletic opportunities for women and girls worldwide. Help us improve lives through sports — join us as a fellow advocate for equal play.
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